Injection locking based power amplifier

ABSTRACT

A method, an apparatus and/or a system of injection locking based power amplifier is disclosed. A method includes inputting a reference signal through an injection circuit of an oscillator circuit that generates an output signal of high power that oscillates at an inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit. The method also includes reducing a frequency of the reference signal through a differential transistor pair coupled to the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit. The method further includes locking through a tuning circuit of the oscillator circuit coupled to the differential transistor pair a frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal based on the power of the reference signal to amplify the power of the reference signal through the oscillator circuit. The frequency of the reference signal is higher than the frequency of the output signal.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This disclosure relates generally to a field of analog circuits and, more particularly, to an injection locking based power amplifier.

BACKGROUND

A power amplifier circuit with low output power may imply a large output load. The power amplifier circuit may require large DC-feed inductors to drive the large output loads. The large DC-feed inductors may have a very low quality-factor when implemented on-chip. The power amplifier circuit designed for low power applications may have to use off-chip components, especially for a moderate frequency range (e.g., 433 MHz for the European ISM band and the European 405 MHz medical implantable communication systems (MICS)). However, large inductors may be required for said design using off-chip components. The large inductors may have high losses and thereby reduce an efficiency of the said circuit. The large inductors may also increase the chip area needed to implement the power amplifier circuit.

The power amplifier circuit may achieve increased power efficiency through using a non-linear amplifier. However, the design may require very high quality-factor inductors. Such high quality-factor inductors may not be available in standard CMOS technology. Consequently, a fully integrated power amplifier circuit designed for low power applications (e.g., less than approximately 10 dB) may have a lower efficiency than a power amplifier circuit designed for high power applications. Also, a non-linear amplifier may require a large input drive to achieve a maximum efficiency. This may limit the gain of the amplifier and may result in a low power-added efficiency.

SUMMARY

Disclosed are a method, an apparatus and/or a system of injection locking based power amplifier.

In one aspect, a method includes inputting a reference signal through an injection circuit of an oscillator circuit that generates an output signal of high power that oscillates at an inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit. The power of the output signal is higher than a power of the reference signal. The method also includes reducing a frequency of the reference signal through a differential transistor pair coupled to the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit. The method further includes locking through a tuning circuit of the oscillator circuit coupled to the differential transistor pair a frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal based on the power of the reference signal to amplify the power of the reference signal through the oscillator circuit. The frequency of the reference signal is higher than the frequency of the output signal.

In another aspect, a system includes a circuit of a previous stage of operation. The system further includes an oscillator circuit coupled to a circuit of a previous stage of operation configured to generate an output signal of high power that oscillates at an inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit. The oscillator circuit includes an injection circuit of the oscillator circuit configured to receive a reference signal from the circuit of the previous stage as an input to the injection locked oscillator circuit. The power of the output signal is higher than a power of the reference signal. The oscillator circuit also includes a differential transistor pair coupled to the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit configured to reduce a frequency of the reference signal. The oscillator circuit further includes a tuning circuit of the oscillator circuit coupled to the differential transistor pair configured to lock a frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal based on the power of the reference signal to amplify the power of the reference signal through the oscillator circuit. The frequency of the reference signal is higher than the frequency of the output signal.

In yet another aspect, a method includes inputting a reference signal through an injection circuit of an oscillator circuit that generates an output signal of high power that oscillates at an inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit. The power of the output signal is higher than a power of the reference signal. The method also includes reducing a frequency of the reference signal through a differential transistor pair coupled to the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit. The method further includes locking through a tuning circuit of the oscillator circuit coupled to the differential transistor pair a frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal based on the power of the reference signal to amplify the power of the reference signal through the oscillator circuit. The frequency of the reference signal is higher than the frequency of the output signal. The method also includes delivering the output signal to a load coupled to an output of the oscillator circuit. The power of the output signal is based on a difference between a power of the output signal and the power of the reference signal required to maintain the locking of the reduced frequency of the reference signal to the frequency of the output signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Example embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the oscillator circuit configured to operate as a power amplifier, according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph view of the fabricated injection locked oscillator circuit of FIG. 1 configured to operate as a power amplifier on a standard CMOS technology, according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a system view of the oscillator circuit configured to operate as a power amplifier, according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a table view of a performance comparison between the injection locked oscillator circuit of FIG. 1 configured to operate as a power amplifier and various power amplifiers, according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram illustrating the operation of the injection locked oscillator circuit of FIG. 1, according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a process flow diagram illustrating operation of the injection locked power amplifier coupled to a load, according to one or more embodiments.

Other features of the present embodiments will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A method, apparatus and system of injection locking based power amplifier is disclosed. Although the present embodiments have been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the various embodiments.

In one or more embodiments, the oscillator circuit may be an injection locked oscillator circuit. The oscillator circuit may be referred to as injection locked oscillator circuit hereafter. In one or more embodiments, the injection locked oscillator circuit may be configured to oscillate at an inherent frequency of oscillation (e.g., free running oscillation frequency). The injection locked oscillator circuit may be a high power oscillator. The injection locked oscillator circuit may generate an output signal of high power even when an input signal (e.g., reference signal) is applied. The frequency of the output signal may be equivalent to the inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator circuit.

In one or more embodiments, a reference signal (e.g., input signal) may be applied to the injection locked oscillator circuit. The reference signal may be received from a circuit of a previous stage (e.g., previous RF stages) coupled to the input of the injection locked oscillator. In some embodiments, the reference signal may be directly received from a signal source. The reference signal may be of a higher frequency (e.g., x2 times) than a desired frequency of the output signal of the injection locked oscillator circuit (e.g., superharmonic injection locked oscillator). The frequency of the reference signal may be higher than the inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator. In one or more embodiments, the power of the reference signal may be lower than the power of the output signal.

In one or more embodiments, the frequency of the reference signal may be reduced by two through the differential transistor pair of the injection locked oscillator circuit. In one or more embodiments, the injection locked oscillator circuit may lock (e.g., injection locking) the inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator circuit to the reduced frequency and/or phase of the reference signal. The reference signal may be amplified through locking the inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator circuit to the reduced frequency of the reference signal.

In one or more embodiments, the output signal may be outputted to a load coupled to an output circuit of the injection locked oscillator circuit. In some embodiments, the output signal delivered to the load may be based on a difference between a power of the output signal and the power of reference signal (e.g., minimum input drive) required to maintain the locking a frequency of the reference signal inputted to the injection locked oscillator circuit to the inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator circuit.

In one or more embodiments, the injection locked oscillator circuit may be a cross-coupled differential negative g_(m) voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO). In one or more embodiments, the injection locked oscillator circuit may be configured to operate as an injection locked frequency divider. The injection locked frequency divider based on the injection locked oscillator circuit may be configured to operate as a locking mode power amplifier. An oscillator may lock (e.g., mode locking, injection locking) to a reference signal (e.g., input signal) with sufficient power (e.g., input drive) of the reference signal and/or when the reference signal is within a tuning range of the oscillator. In one or more embodiments, mode-locking may be used for amplifying an input signal (e.g., reference signal).

In one or more embodiments the injection locked oscillator circuit may be a superharmonic injection locked oscillator. Injection locked oscillators (ILOs) are considered harmonic when the input and output frequencies are equal, subharmonic when the output frequency is higher than the input frequency and superharmonic when the output frequency is lower than the input frequency. In one or more embodiments, injection-locking may be used to reduce the input drive and thereby increasing a gain of the circuit. In one or more embodiments, frequency division may be used to realize power amplification by superharmonic injection-locking.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the oscillator circuit configured to operate as a power amplifier, according to one or more embodiments. In particular, FIG. 1 illustrates a cross coupled negative g_(m) differential pair circuit 106, a tuning circuit 104, an injection circuit 102, a positive output 208 _(a), a negative output 208 _(b), a pair of PMOS transistors (M₃-M₄) 214 _(a-b), a pair of NMOS transistors (M₁-M₂) 212 _(a-b), an input transistor M₅ 126, a current control transistor M₆ 128, a tuning voltage 122, a pair of blocking capacitors 120 _(a-b), a pair of resistors 118 _(a-b), varactors 116 _(a-b), a supply voltage V_(dd) 109 and/or an inductor 124. In one or more embodiments, the oscillator circuit 100 may include a cross coupled negative g_(m) transistor pair circuit 106, a tuning circuit 104 and/or an injection circuit 102.

In one or more embodiments, the oscillator circuit 100 may be an injection locked oscillator circuit. The oscillator circuit 100 may be referred to as injection locked oscillator circuit hereafter. In one or more embodiments, the injection circuit 102 of the oscillator circuit 100 may include an input transistor M₅ 126. In one or more embodiments, the transistor M₅ may acts as the input stage where the reference signal is applied. The injection circuit 102 of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be configured to receive a reference signal as an input to the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. The power of the output signal that the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 generates may be higher than the power of the reference signal and/or power of the reduced frequency reference signal (not shown in FIG. 1). In one or more embodiments, the gate of input transistor M5 126 may receive the reference signal. In the embodiments of FIG. 1, the transistor M5 is an NMOS transistor. The drain of transistor M5 126 may be coupled to the sources of NMOS transistor pair M1 112 _(a) and M5 112 _(b) which are coupled together. The drains of transistor M1 112 _(a) and M5 112 _(b) may be coupled to the drain of PMOS transistor M4 114 _(a) and PMOS transistor M3 114 _(b) of the PMOS transistor pair forming the cross coupled −g_(m) transistor pair respectively.

In some embodiments, input transistor M₅ 126 may be configured to operate as a transconductance amplifier, with an output current following the input voltage signal (e.g., reference signal). In one or more embodiments, transistor M₅ may be designed to have a high aspect ratio. The biasing of transistor M5 126 may be chosen to optimize the power-added efficiency (PAE) since it has an effect on the gain, drain efficiency, and/or output power. In one or more embodiments, since it is not preferred to have a short channel current source, a second device (e.g., current control transistor M₆ 128) may be added in series to control a tail current and/or vary the transmitted power. The current control transistor M₆ may be a long channel device. The current control transistor M₆ may be designed with a very large width. In one or more embodiments, the very large width may allow operating the circuit in voltage limited mode, by bypassing the very low on-resistance of transistor M₆ 128 when a high gate bias is applied. The injection circuit 102 may be coupled to the tuning circuit 104 and/or cross coupled negative g_(m) differential pair circuit 106.

In one or more embodiments, the cross coupled negative g_(m) transistor pair circuit 106 may include transistors M₁-M₄. In some embodiments, transistors M₁-M₂ 112 _(a-b) may be a NMOS transistor pair and M₃-M₄ 114 _(a-b) may be a PMOS transistor pair. In one or more embodiments, the sizes of these transistors are chosen based on a tradeoff between the requirements for output power, operating frequency and achievable power efficiency. The transconductances (g_(m)) of transistors M₁-M₄ are designed to overcome the losses in the tuning circuit 104 and/or the load in parallel with the tuning circuit that is coupled to the output of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. In one or more embodiments, the transconductances may be represented through the following example equation 3:

$\begin{matrix} {g_{m} = {\frac{1}{R_{L}} + \frac{1}{Q\; \rho}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

The large g_(m) values may justify the choice of complementary cross-coupled pair circuit topology, and for maximum efficiency, the transconductance of the two pairs may be targeted to be equal. In some embodiments, another condition for designing the cross-coupled pair is that oscillation onset of the circuit may be at a low supply voltage (V_(DDonset)).

In one or more embodiments, the tuning circuit 104 may be an LC-tank. The tuning circuit 104 may include an inductor L₁ 124 and a number of NMOS accumulation-mode varactors C_(V) 116 _(a-b) with a variable capacitance. The varactors 116 _(a) and 116 _(b) may include a number of varactors in parallel. In one or more embodiments, increasing the number of varactors arranged in parallel may provide a wider tuning range. In one or more embodiments, a wide tuning range may allow for a wide locking range. The injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be tuned as close as possible to the frequency of the reference signal (e.g., input signal) to reduce an power of the reference signal (e.g., input signal) required to lock the frequency of the reference signal to the inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100.

In one or more embodiments, the tuning circuit 104 may be configured to lock an inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 to a frequency of the reference signal inputted to the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 based on the power of the reference signal inputted to the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. The frequency of the reference signal inputted to the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be higher than the inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. The reference signal may be amplified through locking the inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 to the frequency of the reference signal inputted to the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 (e.g., mode-locking) based on the power of the reference signal inputted to the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 that is lower than the power of the output signal. The output signal may correspond to the output signal.

The design of the inductor may depend on a desired frequency of oscillation (f_(osc)) and an output load (R_(L)) (not shown in FIG. 1). In some embodiments, the load may be a differential transmission antenna. The characteristic impedance (ρ) of the LC-tank may be at the most half of the load resistance to maintain the quality factor of the LC-tank after loading it. The load seen by the LC tank may be 2R_(L) since the output is differential. The following design conditions may be considered:

$\begin{matrix} {{\rho = {\sqrt{\frac{L}{C}} \leqq {\frac{1}{2}\left( {2R_{L}} \right)}}},{f_{osc} = \frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{LC}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

The ratio of the following example equations may provide an upper limit for inductance L₁ 124.

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{\rho}{f_{osc}} = {{2\pi \; L} \leqq \frac{R_{L}}{f_{osc}}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

The capacitance C may be calculated based on example Equation 1. In one or more embodiments, the blocking capacitors C_(b) 120 _(a-b) and resistors R 118 _(a-b) may provide the DC biasing of the varactors 116 _(a-b) respectively.

In one or more embodiments, the input drive that is needed to achieve locking for a certain lock range (Δω) may be obtained from the following condition shown in example equation 4, which requires that the excess phase introduced in the loop at ω=ω_(osc) be zero.

$\left| \frac{\Delta\omega}{\omega_{osc}} \right| = \left| \frac{H_{0}a_{2}V_{in}}{2Q} \right|$

where ω_(osc) is the tank resonant frequency (e.g., LC tank of the tuning circuit 104), H₀ is H(ω_(osc)) and H(ω) being a function that models the frequency selective LC tank, and a₂ is the second-order coefficient of a third-order nonlinear function (f(e)=a₀+a₁e+a₂e₂+a₃e₃) used to model the nonlinear behavior of a divide by 2 oscillator. From example equation 4, it may be seen that the lock range may be increased either by increasing L₁ or the input drive. Increasing the inductance however, may cause the phase condition (example equation 4) to fail since the resonance frequency may also increases.

FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph view of the fabricated injection locked oscillator circuit of FIG. 1 configured to operate as a power amplifier on a standard CMOS technology, according to one or more embodiments. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be implemented on a 0.18 μm CMOS technology. In certain embodiments, the injection locked oscillator circuit may be implemented on a CMOS technology of a different length. In another embodiment, the injection locked oscillator circuit may be implemented on other semiconductor technologies as well. In one or more embodiments, all the components of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be fully integrated. In some embodiments, the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 of the embodiment of FIG. 2 may be configured to operate at 433 MHz frequency. In another embodiment, the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be configured to operate at 2.4 GHz. The injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may occupy an area of 0.9 mm² when the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be configured to operate at 433 MHz with all the components of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 being fully integrated. In another embodiment, the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may occupy an area of 0.6 mm² when the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be configured to operate at 2.4 GHz. In one or more embodiments, the inductor L₁ 124, RF contact pads and/or all the major interconnections of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be laid out using a top metal layer to minimize parasitic effects.

FIG. 3 is a system view of the injection locked oscillator circuit configured to operate as a power amplifier, according to one or more embodiments. In particular, FIG. 3 illustrates a circuit of a previous stage 302, an injection locked oscillator circuit 100, a reference signal 308, an output signal 310 and/or a load 304. In one or more embodiments, the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be a superharmonic injection locked oscillator circuit. In some embodiments, the superharmonic injection locked oscillator circuit may use frequency division to realize power amplification to allow a low-power power amplifier to be implemented in a small area and/or to achieve good performance in the sub-GHz range. In one or more embodiments, the power amplifier system may be an RF power amplifier. The power amplifier system may have multiple stages of operation. For example, many applications such as high intensity focused ultrasound biomedical application may require frequency synthesis and phase shifting stages. In digital phase shifting techniques, a signal may undergo several frequency conversions before transmission. The injection locked oscillator circuit 100 of FIG. 1 configured to operate as a power amplifier may be used as a last frequency-division stage in the aforementioned example. In one or more embodiments, the circuit of the previous stage 302 of operation of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be coupled to the injection circuit 102 of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. In one or more embodiments, the oscillator circuit may generate an output signal of frequency approximately equal to the desired output frequency f_(o). In one or more embodiments, the circuit of the previous stage 302 may be a circuit of one of the RF stages of the power amplifier system from which the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 receives the input signal (e.g., reference signal 308). In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the reference signal 308 may have a frequency f_(r) and power of the reference signal may be represented as P_(r).

In one or more embodiments, the frequency of the reference signal 308 f_(r) (e.g., input signal) may be reduced (e.g., frequency division) by half (e.g., fr/2) through the differential transistor pair of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. Dividing the reference signal by 2 may reduce an input power required to lock the frequency of the reference signal to the inherent frequency of the injection locked oscillator circuit (e.g., mode-locking). In response to dividing the frequency of the reference signal by 2, a frequency of operation of a circuit of a previous stage 302 may be doubled. Increasing the frequency of operation of the circuit of the previous stage 302 may reduce an area occupied by the circuit (e.g., VCO and/or phase modulators). The frequency of operation of the circuit of the previous stage 302 may be increased without increasing a power consumption in that stage since the power of the input signal (e.g., reference signal) delivered from the circuit of the previous stage 302 to the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be low.

In some embodiments, the frequency of the output signal of the oscillator circuit may be approximately equal to the half the frequency of the reference signal 308. The frequency of the output signal 310 may be locked to the reduced frequency f_(r)/2 of the reference signal so that the output signal follows the reduced frequency of the reference signal. In certain embodiments, the frequency of the output signal 310 may be locked to the reduced frequency f_(r)/2 of the reference signal so that the frequency of the reference signal 308 may be two times that of the frequency of the output signal 310. The output signal 310 in the embodiment of FIG. 3, may be the output signal when the frequency of the output signal of the oscillator circuit is locked to the reduced frequency f_(r)/2 of the reference signal. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, f_(o) may be lower than the frequency of the reference signal f_(r). The frequency of the reference signal 308 may be twice the frequency of the output signal 310. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the signal referred to as output signal 310 is the signal that is locked to the reduced frequency of the reference signal 308. The output signal (not the same of output signal 310) generated through the oscillator circuit 100 when the reference signal is not applied may be approximately equal to the frequency of the output signal 310 f_(o).

The injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may require an input signal of very low power to lock the frequency of the reference signal to the inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. In one or more embodiments, the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be oscillating at an inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 before the reference signal is injected to the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. The reference signal may be amplified through the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. The reference signal may be amplified through locking the inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 to the reduced frequency of the reference signal. The frequency of the output signal may correspond to the reduced frequency of the reference signal to which the frequency of the output signal is locked. The output signal may have a frequency that is half the frequency of the reference signal. The output signal may be outputted through the output circuit (208 _(a) and 208 _(b)) of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. The output signal may be delivered to a load 304 coupled to the output of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. In some embodiments, the load may be an antenna through which a signal may be transmitted.

For example, an injection locked oscillator circuit 100 may be configured to be generating an output signal even prior to applying the reference signal as an input. The frequency of the output signal may correspond to the inherent frequency of oscillation of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. The frequency of the output signal and/or inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit may be f_(initial). In an example embodiment of a 2.4 GHz system, f_(initial) is 2.39 GHz. Also the power of the output signal may be ‘x’. The power ‘x’ of the output signal may be a high power. The power ‘x’ may be high compared to a reference signal that is applied as an input to the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. The desired frequency of the output signal may be transmitted may be based on the system or the application of the system. The desired frequency may be represented as f_(c). In the example embodiment, f_(c) is 2.4 GHz.

The reference signal inputted through the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit 100 may have a power ‘y’ and the frequency of the reference signal is configured to be two times the desired frequency at which the input signal is desired to be transmitted which is 2 f _(c). In the example embodiment, the frequency of the reference signal inputted through the injection circuit may be 4.8 GHz since the frequency at which the signal is desired to be transmitted is 2.4 GHz. The power ‘y’ of the reference signal may be lower than the power ‘x’ of the output signal.

The reference signal may get reduced by half through the differential transistor pair of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100. The frequency of the reference signal 2 f _(c) may be f_(c) when the frequency of the reference signal is reduced by half. The tuning circuit may lock the frequency of the output signal and/or inherent frequency f_(initial) of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 to the reduced frequency f_(c) of the reference signal. The frequency of the output signal f_(initial) may correspond to the reduced frequency f_(c) of the reference signal through locking the frequency of the output signal f_(initial) to the reduced frequency f_(c) of the reference signal. In the example embodiment, after injection locking the frequency of the output signal is 2.4 GHz.

The closer the inherent frequency f_(initial) (2.39 GHz) of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 is tuned to match the reduced frequency f_(c) (2.4 GHz) of the reference signal, the lesser the power of the reference signal ‘y’ may be required to lock the signal. The power of the reference signal ‘y’ is lower than the power of the output signal ‘x’ through which the injection locked oscillator circuit may operate as a power amplifier. The ratio of output power ‘x’ to reference signal power ‘y’ may determine the gain of the power amplifier. The gain of the amplifier may be increased through reducing a power ‘y’ of the input signal and/or by configuring the oscillator to generate an output signal of higher power ‘x’. The power of the reference signal ‘y’ to lock the inherent frequency of oscillation to the reduced frequency of the reference signal may be low since there already exists an output signal of high power while the reference signal is inputted to the injection locked oscillator circuit 100.

FIG. 4 is a table view of a performance comparison between the injection locked oscillator circuit of FIG. 1 configured to operate as a power amplifier and various power amplifiers, according to one or more embodiments. In particular FIG. 4, illustrates a power amplifier (PA) class 402, frequency (f) 404, a DC power (P_(DC)) 406, an output power (P_(out)) 408, a gain 410, a power added efficiency (PAE) 412 and a chip area occupied by the circuit (Area) 414.

In one or more embodiments, the table in FIG. 4 shows a comparison between various power amplifiers targeting a low power application in comparison to the injection locked power amplifier of FIG. 1. The references compared were selected based on ISM-band operating frequencies and low output power levels that may be suitable for short-range applications such as wireless sensor networks or biomedical implantable electronic circuits. A 433 MHz design of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 configured to operate as a power amplifier of FIG. 1 shown in the fourth row of the table achieves comparable performance to the other designs. Even though it is fully integrated, it consumes the same area and achieves much higher gain of 30 dB. The 2.4 GHz design of the injection locked oscillator circuit 100 configured to operate as a power amplifier of FIG. 1 shown in the last row of the table also achieves a much higher gain of 31 dB and/or a PAE of 36% from a very small chip area of 0.6 mm², eliminating the need for a PA driver stage.

FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram illustrating the operation of the injection locked oscillator circuit of FIG. 1, according to one or more embodiments. In one or more embodiments, in operation 502 a reference signal 308 may be inputted to the oscillator circuit (e.g., injection locked oscillator circuit) through an injection circuit of an oscillator circuit that generates an output signal 310 of high power that oscillates at an inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit. The power of the output signal 310 may be higher than a power of the reference signal 308. In operation 504, a frequency of the reference signal 308 may be reduced through a differential transistor pair coupled to the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit. In operation 506, a frequency of the output signal 310 may be locked to the reduced frequency of the reference signal 308 through a tuning circuit of the oscillator circuit coupled to the differential transistor pair based on the power of the reference signal to amplify the power of the reference signal 308 through the oscillator circuit. The frequency of the reference signal 308 may be higher than the frequency of the output signal 310.

FIG. 6 is a process flow diagram illustrating operation of the injection locked power amplifier coupled to a load, according to one or more embodiments. In one or more embodiments, in operation 602 a reference signal may be inputted to the oscillator circuit (e.g., injection locked oscillator circuit) through an injection circuit of an oscillator circuit that generates an output signal of high power that oscillates at an inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit. The power of the output signal may be higher than a power of the reference signal. In operation 604, a frequency of the reference signal may be reduced through a differential transistor pair coupled to the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit. In operation 606, a frequency of the output signal may be locked to the reduced frequency of the reference signal through a tuning circuit of the oscillator circuit coupled to the differential transistor pair based on the power of the reference signal to amplify the power of the reference signal through the oscillator circuit. The frequency of the reference signal may be higher than the frequency of the output signal. In one or more embodiments, in operation 608, the output signal may be delivered to a load coupled to an output circuit of the oscillator circuit. The power of the output signal is based on a difference between a power of the output signal and the power of the reference signal required to maintain the locking of the reduced frequency of the reference signal to the frequency of the output signal.

In one or more embodiments, the oscillator circuit may be configured to operate as a power amplifier through locking the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal to amplify the power of the reference signal. The power of the reference signal and/or the power of the reference signal of reduced frequency may be lower than the power of the output signal. In one or more embodiments, the power of the reference signal may be amplified through locking the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal based on the power of the reference signal. In one or more embodiments, the locking of the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal may further include locking the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit to the reduced frequency of the reference signal. The inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit may be equivalent to the frequency of oscillation of the output signal. The frequency of the output signal and/or the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit may correspond to the reduced frequency of the reference signal when the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit is locked to the reduced frequency of the reference signal.

Although the present embodiments have been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the various embodiments. For example, the various devices and modules described herein may be enabled and operated using hardware, firmware and software (e.g., embodied in a machine readable medium). For example, the various electrical structure and methods may be embodied using transistors, logic gates, and electrical circuits (e.g., application specific integrated (ASIC) circuitry and/or in digital signal processor (DSP) circuitry).

In addition, it will be appreciated that the various operations, processes, and methods disclosed herein may be embodied in a machine-readable medium and/or a machine accessible medium compatible with a data processing system (e.g., a computer devices), may be performed in any order (e.g., including using means for achieving the various operations). Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 

1. A method comprising: inputting a reference signal through an injection circuit of an oscillator circuit that generates an output signal of high power that oscillates at an inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit, the power of the output signal being higher than a power of the reference signal; reducing a frequency of the reference signal through a differential transistor pair coupled to the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit; and locking through a tuning circuit of the oscillator circuit coupled to the differential transistor pair a frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal based on the power of the reference signal to amplify the power of the reference signal through the oscillator circuit, the frequency of the reference signal being higher than the frequency of the output signal.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: delivering the output signal to a load coupled to an output of the oscillator circuit, wherein the power of the output signal is based on a difference between a power of the output signal and the power of the reference signal required to maintain the locking of the reduced frequency of the reference signal to the frequency of the output signal; and operating the oscillator circuit as a power amplifier through locking the a frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal to amplify the power of the reference signal, wherein the power of at least one of the reference signal and the power of the reference signal of reduced frequency is lower than the power of the output signal.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: amplifying the power of the reference signal through locking the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal based on the power of the reference signal.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein locking the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal further comprising: locking the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit to the reduced frequency of the reference signal; wherein the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit is equivalent to the frequency of oscillation of the output signal, wherein at least one of the frequency of the output signal and the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit to correspond to the reduced frequency of the reference signal when the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit is locked to the reduced frequency of the reference signal.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: reducing the power of the reference signal to lock the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal through tuning the oscillator circuit to operate at a frequency equivalent to a desired frequency of output signal.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: driving the oscillator circuit based on the power of the reference signal that is lower than the power of the output signal through injection locking between the reference signal and the output signal through the oscillator circuit; and increasing a gain of the oscillator circuit associated with amplifying the power of the reference signal through reducing a power of the reference signal to lock the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal when the power of the output signal of the oscillator circuit is high.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: locking the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal when the reduced frequency of the reference signal is at least one of within the tuning range of the oscillator circuit and the reduced frequency reference signal to have a sufficient power to drive the oscillator circuit configured to operate as the power amplifier; and increasing the frequency of operation of a circuit of a previous stage coupled to the oscillator circuit through the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit to be higher than the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit.
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: tuning the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit to approximately match the frequency of the output signal through a tuning circuit of the oscillator circuit to reduce the power needed to lock the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal; configuring the oscillator circuit to have wide tuning range to allow a wider locking range to lock the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal; and reducing a size of the circuit of the previous stage coupled to the oscillator circuit through reducing at least one of a size of the circuit components and a number of circuit components based on increasing the frequency of operation of the circuit of the previous stage of operation of the oscillator circuit.
 9. The method of claim 1: wherein the load is coupled in parallel to the tuning circuit through the output of the oscillator circuit, wherein the frequency of the reference signal is two time that of the desired frequency of the output signal, wherein the frequency of the reference signal is reduced by half through the differential transistor pair of the oscillator circuit, wherein the differential transistor pair is a cross coupled negative g_(m) differential transistor pair, wherein a plurality of transistors to form a cross coupled negative g_(m) differential pair coupled to the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit, wherein a transconductances of the plurality of transistors forming the cross coupled negative g_(m) differential transistor pair are designed to overcome a loss in at least one of the tuning circuit to and the load coupled to the output circuit of the oscillator circuit, wherein the injection locked oscillator circuit operated as the power amplifier is implemented on a standard CMOS technology, and wherein the injection locked oscillator circuit operated as the power amplifier to have at least one of a gain of at least 31 dB and a power added efficiency of at least 36%.
 10. A system comprising: a circuit of a previous stage of operation; an oscillator circuit coupled to a circuit of a previous stage of operation configured to generate an output signal of high power that oscillates at an inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit, the oscillator circuit comprising: an injection circuit of the oscillator circuit generating the output signal configured to receive a reference signal from the circuit of the previous stage as an input to the injection locked oscillator circuit, the power of the output signal being higher than a power of the reference signal; a differential transistor pair coupled to the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit configured to reduce a frequency of the reference signal; and a tuning circuit of the oscillator circuit coupled to the differential transistor pair configured to lock through a frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal based on the power of the reference signal to amplify the power of the reference signal through the oscillator circuit, the frequency of the reference signal being higher than the frequency of the output signal.
 11. The system of claim 10: wherein an output circuit of the oscillator circuit to deliver the output signal to a load coupled to the output circuit, wherein the power of the output signal is based on a difference between a power of the output signal and the power of the reference signal required to maintain the locking of the reduced frequency of the reference signal to the frequency of the output signal, wherein the oscillator circuit is configured to operate as a power amplifier through locking the a frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal to amplify the power of the reference signal, and wherein the power of at least one of the reference signal and the power of the reference signal of reduced frequency is lower than the power of the output signal.
 12. The system of claim 10: wherein the power of the reference signal is amplified through locking the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal based on the power of the reference signal.
 13. The system of claim 10: wherein locking the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal to further comprise locking the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit to the reduced frequency of the reference signal; wherein the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit is equivalent to the frequency of oscillation of the output signal, and wherein at least one of the frequency of the output signal and the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit to correspond to the reduced frequency of the reference signal when the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit is locked to the reduced frequency of the reference signal
 14. The system of claim 10: wherein the power of the reference signal to lock the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal is reduced through tuning the oscillator circuit to operate at a frequency equivalent to a desired frequency of output signal.
 15. The system of claim 13: wherein the power of the reference signal that is lower than the power of the output signal to drive the oscillator circuit through injection locking between the reference signal and the output signal through the oscillator circuit, and wherein a gain of the oscillator circuit associated with amplifying the power of the reference signal is increased through reducing a power of the reference signal to lock the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal when the power of the output signal of the oscillator circuit is high.
 16. The system of claim 10: wherein the frequency of the output signal is locked to the reduced frequency of the reference signal when the reduced frequency of the reference signal is at least one of within the tuning range of the oscillator circuit and the reduced frequency reference signal to have a sufficient power to drive the oscillator circuit configured to operate as the power amplifier, and wherein the frequency of operation of a circuit of a previous stage coupled to the oscillator circuit is increased through the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit to be higher than the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit.
 17. The system of claim 16: wherein the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit is tuned to approximately match the frequency of the output signal through a tuning circuit of the oscillator circuit to reduce the power needed to lock the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal; wherein the oscillator circuit is configured to have wide tuning range to allow a wider locking range to lock the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal; and wherein a size of the circuit of the previous stage coupled to the oscillator circuit is reduced through reducing at least one of a size of the circuit components and a number of circuit components based on increasing the frequency of operation of the circuit of the previous stage of operation of the oscillator circuit.
 18. The system of claim 10: wherein the load is coupled in parallel to the tuning circuit through the output of the oscillator circuit, wherein the frequency of the reference signal is two time that of the desired frequency of the output signal, wherein the frequency of the reference signal is reduced to half the frequency of the reference signal inputted through the injection circuit, wherein the differential transistor pair is a cross coupled negative gm differential transistor pair, wherein a plurality of transistors to form a cross coupled negative gm differential pair coupled to the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit, wherein a transconductances of the plurality of transistors forming the cross coupled negative gm differential transistor pair are designed to overcome a loss in at least one of the tuning circuit to and the load coupled to the output circuit of the oscillator circuit, wherein the injection locked oscillator circuit operated as the power amplifier is implemented on a standard CMOS technology, and wherein the injection locked oscillator circuit operated as the power amplifier to have at least one of a gain of at least 31 dB and a power added efficiency of at least 36%.
 19. A method comprising: inputting a reference signal through an injection circuit of an oscillator circuit that generates an output signal of high power that oscillates at an inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit, the power of the output signal being higher than a power of the reference signal; reducing a frequency of the reference signal through a differential transistor pair coupled to the injection circuit of the oscillator circuit; locking through a tuning circuit of the oscillator circuit coupled to the differential transistor pair a frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal based on the power of the reference signal to amplify the power of the reference signal through the oscillator circuit, the frequency of the reference signal being higher than the frequency of the output signal; and delivering the output signal to a load coupled to an output of the oscillator circuit, wherein the power of the output signal is based on a difference between a power of the output signal and the power of the reference signal required to maintain the locking of the reduced frequency of the reference signal to the frequency of the output signal.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein locking the frequency of the output signal to the reduced frequency of the reference signal further comprising: locking the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit to the reduced frequency of the reference signal; wherein the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit is equivalent to the frequency of oscillation of the output signal, wherein at least one of the frequency of the output signal and the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit to correspond to the reduced frequency of the reference signal when the inherent frequency of oscillation of the oscillator circuit is locked to the reduced frequency of the reference signal. 